Online Submission

From Forest to First Aid: A Review of Western Ghats Plants for Wound Healing

PURUSHOTHAMAN T1&2, SARANYA N2, ARUN KUMAR D1

Department of Biotechnology

1SNMV College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, (TN) - India

2 Nehru Arts & Science College, Coimbatore, (TN) - India

 Corresponding Author: PURUSHOTHAMAN T

E - Mail ID: purushonlines@gmail.com

Medicinal plants Wound healing Anti-microbial Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant

Abstract

India has been blessed with immense varieties of plants and most of them are found in the Western Ghats. There is a vast number of medicinal plants are found in the Western Ghats, which are widely used by the indigenous people. Medicinal plants have an essential role in healing and managing wounds. The bioactive compounds found in plants are responsible for its wound healing activities. The wound healing properties of the medicinal plants are influenced by the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties of plants. The selected medicinal plants possess remarkable inhibitory activity against the different bacterial as well as fungal species. Besides that, the results of the in-vitro studies have also reported the significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and wound healing properties of those medicinal plants. Hence, the medicinal plants found in Western Ghats will be promising source for treating and healing the different types of wounds. The present review aims to document the scientific reports for the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and wound healing potency of some of the medicinal plants of Western Ghats.

Introduction

The role of medicinal plants in human life is indispensable from the olden days, which are commonly used by indigenous people.  But, 60-80% of worldwide population are still depends on the plant and derived components for treating diseases. India has been enriched with broad varieties of medicinal plants and most of them are found in Western Ghats (Dar, R. A et al., 2017). So, these medicinal plants are extensively used by the various tribal communities residing in and around Western Ghats (Jeyaprakash, K et al., 2011).

The medicinal plants play a pivotal role in treating and healing all types of wounds since ancient times. The bioactive components present in the plants forms the basis for the traditional as well as modern medicines. Majority of the available medicines are derived from plants, via the isolation of biologically active compounds.  There are several scientific evidence are available in corresponding with healing of wounds using medicinal plants (Alam, G et al., 2011)

The plants will initiate the healing mechanism in a natural way and it is cost-effective solution than the synthetic medicines. Moreover, it exhibit lesser side-effects in comparison with chemical substances (Sharma, P et al., 2020). Considering these advantages, we have attempted to explore the wound healing activities of some medicinal plants found in the Western Ghats. Hence, this review provides the scientific evidence for the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and wound healing activity of selected medicinal plants of Western Ghats.

Conclusions

The present review has highlighted the wound healing potency of some of the medicinal plants found in the Western Ghats. The wound healing properties of medicinal plants are influenced by their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activities. Therefore, many reports are also enlisted in this review for demonstrating the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant efficacy of the selected medicinal plants. So, the above-listed evidence indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess significant wound healing properties and it also promotes the healing mechanism via a natural process. Hence, the isolation of bioactive compounds from these selected medicinal plants will benefit the development of novel medicines. But, there are still many unexplored medicinal plants, which are used by the indigenous people for wound healing. So, extensive research should be carried out to identify and validate those plants for their therapeutic benefits.

References

  1. Abakar, H. O. M., Bakhiet, S. E., &Abadi, R. S. M. (2017). Antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of Aloe vera sap and leaves using different extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(3), 298-303.
  2. Adyanthaya, S., Pai, V., & Jose, M. (2014). Antimicrobial potential of the extracts of the twigs of Azadirachta indica (Neem): an in vitro study. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2(6), 53-57.
  3. Akoh, O. U., Mac-Kalunta, O. M., &Amadi, O. K. (2021). Antimicrobial Screening, Vitamin Assay and GC MS Analysis of Chloroform Extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leave. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 46(1). 0101 – 0109
  4. Alachaher, F. Z., Dali, S., Dida, N., &Krouf, D. (2018). Comparison of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of extracts from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) using different solvents. International Food Research Journal, 25(1):75 – 82.
  5. Alam, G., Singh, M. P., & Singh, A. (2011). Wound healing potential of some medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 9(1), 136-145.
  6. Aleksandra Shedoeva, David Leavesley, Zee Upton, Chen Fan, "Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 2684108, 30 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2684108
  7. Amin, T., & Thakur, M. (2014). A comparative study on proximate composition, phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Linum usitatisimum L.(flaxseeds). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 3(4), 465-481.
  8. Arunachalam, K. D., Subhashini, S., &Annamalai, S. K. (2012). Wound healing and antigenotoxic activities of Aeglemarmelos with relation to its antioxidant properties. J Pharm Res, 5(3), 1492-1502.
  9. Babu, K. S., Naik, V. K. M., Latha, J., &Prabhakar, V. (2016). Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of natural products (Azadirachtaindica bark) in albino wister rats. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(6), 1624-1632. DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20166-6949
  10. Bahramsoltani, R., Farzaei, M. H., &Rahimi, R. (2014). Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Archives of dermatological research, 306(7), 601-617.DOI 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6
  11. Beroual, K., Agabou, A., Abdeldjelil, M. C., Boutaghane, N., Haouam, S., &Hamdi-Pacha, Y. (2017). Evaluation of crude flaxseed (Linumusitatissimum L.) oil in burn wound healing in New Zealand rabbits. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 14(3), 280-286. doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.29
  12. Cañedo-Dorantes, L., & Cañedo-Ayala, M. (2019). Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. International journal of inflammation, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3706315
  13. Charde, R. M., Dhongade, H. J., Charde, M. S., & Joshi, S. B. (2010). Evaluation of Wound Healing, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, 2(1), 42-47.
  14. Dar, R. A., Shahnawaz, M., & Qazi, P. H. (2017). General overview of medicinal plants: A review. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(6), 349-351.
  15. de la Secreción, P. (2012). Assessment of antimicrobial activity and healing potential of mucous secretion of Achatinafulica. Int. j. morphol, 30(2), 365-373.
  16. Deshmukh, P. T., Fernandes, J., Atul, A., &Toppo, E. (2009). Wound healing activity of Calotropisgigantea root bark in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 125(1), 178-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.007
  17. Devi, P., Merlin, N. J., Madhumitha, B., &Meera, R. (2009). Wound healing property of Aervalanata leaves extract. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2(1), 210-211.
  18. Dharajiya, D., Pagi, N., Jasani, H., & Patel, P. (2017). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 2152-62. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.246
  19. Derakhshanfar, A., Moayedi, J., Derakhshanfar, G., &Fard, A. P. (2019). The role of Iranian medicinal plants in experimental surgical skin wound healing: An integrative review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 22(6), 590–600. doi: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32963.7873
  20. Dhanalekshmi, U. M., Poovi, G., Kishore, N. M. D., Raja, M. D., & Reddy, P. N. (2010). Evaluation of wound healing potential and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Evolvulusalsinoides. Annals of Biological Research, 1(2), 49-61.
  21. Egesie, U. G., Chima, K. E., &Galam, N. Z. (2011). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous extract of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) in rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 14(3), 209-212.
  22. Emran, T. B., Nasir Uddin, M. M., Rahman, A., Uddin, Z., & Islam, M. (2015). Phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Azadirachtaindica: A therapeutic study. J Bioanal Biomed S, 12, 2-9.http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593X.S12-007
  23. Ghuman, S., Ncube, B., Finnie, J. F., McGaw, L. J., Njoya, E. M., Coopoosamy, R. M., & Van Staden, J. (2019). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of medicinal plant extracts used to treat wounds and dermatological disorders. South African Journal of Botany, 126, 232-240.doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2019.09.002
  24. Geethalakshmi, R., Sakravarthi, C., Kritika, T., Arul Kirubakaran, M., &Sarada, D. V. L. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant and wound healing potentials of SphaeranthusamaranthoidesBurm. f. BioMed research international, Article ID 607109.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/607109
  25. Gorsi, F. I., Kausar, T., &Murtaza, M. A. (2019). 27. Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel powder using different solvents. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 8(2), 1265-1270.http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80068
  26. Gupta, A., Thomas, T., & Khan, S. (2018). Physicochemical, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Aeglemarmelos. Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Journal, 6(3), 17-24. DOI: 10.20510/ukjpb/6/i3/173548
  27. Han, G., & Ceilley, R. (2017). Chronic wound healing: a review of current management and treatments. Advances in therapy, 34(3), 599-610.
  28. Ikpeama, A., Onwuka, G. I., &Nwankwo, C. (2014). Nutritional composition of Tumeric (Curcuma longa) and its antimicrobial properties. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(10), 1085-1089.
  29. Jeyaprakash, K., Ayyanar, M., Geetha, K. N., & Sekar, T. (2011). Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the tribal people in Theni District (Western Ghats), Southern India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1), S20-S25.
  30. Kairamkonda, M., Godishala, V., &Kandi, V. (2017). Identification of Newer Antimicrobial Agents: A Study of Invitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Leaf extracts of Medicinal Plant Aervalanata (L.) Juss. exSchult. American Journal of Microbiological Research, 5(3), 66-70. DOI:10.12691/ajmr-5-3-3
  31. Kazemi, M. (2015). Chemical composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory potential of Achilleamillefolium L., Anethumgraveolens L., and Carumcopticum L. essential oils. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5(4), 217-222.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2015.09.001
  32. Khalil, A. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of ethanol leaf extracts of Catharanthusroseus from Saudi Arabia. In 2nd International Conference on Environment Science and Biotechnology (Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 6-11). DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE
  33. Krishnamoorthi, R. (2015). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant property of Aervalanata. International journal of pharmacognosy, 2(8), 426-429.
  34. Kumar, G., Karthik, L., & Rao, K. B. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of latex of Calotropisgigantea against pathogenic microorganisms-an in vitro study. Pharmacologyonline, 3(3), 155-163.
  35. Kumarasamyraja, D., Jeganathan, N. S., &Manavalan, R. (2012). A review on medicinal plants with potential wound healing activity. Int J Pharm PharmSci, 2, 105-11.
  36. KV, S. K., Likitha, E., Yaswantha, B., Umakavya, C., Sri, K. U., Suneel, M., ...&Vamsi, V. (2021). Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity on Whole Plant of Aervalanata (L.) by In-Vitro Methods. Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences, 1(3), 56-61.DOI:https://doi.org/10.26452/
  37. Lordani, T. V. A., de Lara, C. E., Ferreira, F. B. P., de Souza TerronMonich, M., Mesquita da Silva, C., FelicettiLordani, C. R., ... &Lonardoni, M. V. C. (2018). Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants on cutaneous wound healing in humans: a systematic review. Mediators of inflammation, 2018.Article ID 7354250 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7354250
  38. Maheswary, T., Nurul, A. A., &Fauzi, M. B. (2021). The Insights of Microbes’ Roles in Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 981-1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070981
  39. Maizura, M., Aminah, A., & Wan Aida, W. M. (2011). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiberofficinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract. International Food Research Journal, 18(2):526-531.
  40. Manzuoerh, R., Farahpour, M. R., Oryan, A., &Sonboli, A. (2019). Effectiveness of topical administration of Anethumgraveolens essential oil on MRSA-infected wounds. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 109, 1650-1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.117
  41. Munir, M., Shah, S. N. H., Almas, U., Khan, F. A., Zaidi, A., Bukhari, S. M., &Murtaza, G. (2021). An assessment of the wound healing potential of a herbal gel containing an Azadirachtaindica leaf extract. Veterinárnímedicína, 66(3), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.17221/46/2020-VETMED
  42. Nagori, B. P., & Solanki, R. (2011). Role of medicinal plants in wound healing. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 5(4), 392-405.
  43. Narender, B. R., Tejaswini, S., Sarika, M., Karuna, N., Shirisha, R., &Priyanka, S. (2016). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Linumusitatissimum (Flax seeds). Int J Pharm Educ Res, 3, 4-8.
  44. Nithya, V. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Allium sativumLinn., in Wistar Albino Rats.Inventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology Vol. 2, Issue 1:1-2.
  45. Oshaghi, E. A., Khodadadi, I., Tavilani, H., &Goodarzi, M. T. (2016). Aqueous extract of AnethumGraveolens L. has potential antioxidant and antiglycation effects. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 41(4), 328-333.
  46. Patharajan, S., &BalaAbirami, S. (2014). Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of fractionated leaf extracts of Catharanthusroseus. Int J Pharm, 1(2), 138-143.
  47. Phan, A. D. T., Netzel, G., Chhim, P., Netzel, M. E., &Sultanbawa, Y. (2019). Phytochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of Australian grown garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Foods, 8(9), 358. doi:10.3390/foods8090358
  48. Pokhrel, B., Rijal, S., Raut, S., &Pandeya, A. (2015). Investigations of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachtaindica. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14(46), 3159-3163. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.14811
  49. Priya, R., Prathapan, A., Raghu, K. G., & Menon, A. N. (2012). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative potential of essential oil isolated from Curcuma longa L. leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), S695-S699.
  50. Queiroz, Y. S., Ishimoto, E. Y., Bastos, D. H., Sampaio, G. R., & Torres, E. A. (2009). Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and ready-to-eat garlic products: in vitro antioxidant activity. Food chemistry, 115(1), 371-374.
  51. Rajamohan, S., Kalaivanan, P., Sivangnanam, H., &Rajamanickam, M. (2014). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activities and GC-MS analysis of Calotropisgigantea white flowers. J. Phytopharmacol, 3, 405-409.
  52. Rawat, S., Singh, R., Thakur, P., Kaur, S., &Semwal, A. (2012). Wound healing agents from medicinal plants: a review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S1910-S1917.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60520-6
  53. Reshma, A. K., &Brindha, P. (2014). In vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and nephroprotective studies on leaves of Aeglemarmelos and Ocimum sanctum. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 7(4):121-129.
  54. Rex, J. R. S., Muthukumar, N. M. S. A., &Selvakumar, P. M. (2018). Phytochemicals as a potential source for anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing-a review. MOJ Biorg Org Chem, 2(2), 61-70.
  55. Sharma, P., Manchanda, R., Goswami, R., & Chawla, S. (2020). Biodiversity and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. In Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development (pp. 27-44). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6358-0_2
  56. Shetty, S., Udupa, S., &Udupa, L. (2008). Evaluation of antioxidant and wound healing effects of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5(1), 95-101. doi:10.1093/ecam/nem004
  57. Shukla, S. K., Sharma, A. K., Gupta, V., &Yashavarddhan, M. H. (2019). Pharmacological control of inflammation in wound healing. Journal of tissue viability, 28(4), 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2019.09.002
  58. Sinno, H., & Prakash, S. (2013). Complements and the wound healing cascade: an updated review. Plastic Surgery International Volume 2013, Article ID 146764, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/146764
  59. Süntar, I., Akkol, E. K., Nahar, L., &Sarker, S. D. (2012). Wound healing and antioxidant properties: do they coexist in plants?. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 2(2), 1-7.DOI: 10.5530/ax.2012.2.1
  60. Tanruean, K., Kaewnarin, K., &Rakariyatham, N. (2014). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Anethumgraveolens L. dried fruit extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 41(3), 649-660.
  61. VA, J., Usman, M. R. M., Salunkhe, P. S., &Gagrani, M. B. (2010). Anti-inflammatory Activity of Calotropisgigantea Linn. Leaves Extract on In-vitro Models. IJCP Review and Research, 1(2), 1-5.
  62. Vinay Gupta, Archana Prakash, and AbhishekMathur. (2014). Screening of solvent extracts of Catharantheusroseus for the isolation and anti-inflammatory compound. Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, 2, 20:2014, 78-88.
  63. Vittorazzi, C., Endringer, D. C., Andrade, T. U. D., Scherer, R., &Fronza, M. (2016). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties of Struthanthus vulgaris. Pharmaceutical biology, 54(2), 331-337. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1040515
  64. Wilkinson, H. N., & Hardman, M. J. (2020). Wound healing: Cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open biology, 10(9), 200223.
  65. Yadav, K. H., Kumar, J. R., Basha, S. I., Deshmukh, G. R., Gujjula, R., &Santhamma, B. (2012). Wound healing activity of topical application of Aloe vera gel in experimental animal models. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3(2), 63-72.
  66. Zuber, M., Rajesh, V., Anusha, K., Reddy, C. R., &Tirupathi, A. (2013). Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Allium sativum on alloxan induced diabetic rats family (Liliaceae). International Journal of Science Inventions Today, 2(1), 40-57.